A distillation column is an essential equipment used in the separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It is widely used in industries such as petroleum refining, chemical processing, and alcohol production. The column consists of trays or packing materials that enhance contact between rising vapors and descending liquids, allowing efficient separation of components through repeated vaporization and condensation. Key factors in its design include column height, diameter, pressure, and reflux ratio, which influence separation efficiency. Proper control of temperature and pressure is crucial to achieving high-purity outputs, making distillation columns vital for producing fuels, chemicals, and purified solvents.